Chris Aiken:Welcome to the Carlat Psychiatry Podcast, keeping psychiatry honest since 2003. I’m Chris Aiken, the editor in chief of the Carlat Report. Kellie Newsome: And I’m Kellie Newsome, a psychiatric NP and a dedicated reader of every issue. Chris Aiken: Last week, on September 6 the FDA granted a new clearance for TMS. This is the …We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Your subscription comes with access to post-tests so you can earn up to 8 CME category 1 credits per year. Select the the subscription that’s right for you. Click here to view a sample PDF issue of the Oct/Nov/Dec 2022 issue on catatonia in children and adolescents. Unbiased information for child psychiatrists.Jan 29, 2024 · A recent paper surveyed geropsychiatrists and found that 100% endorsed lithium in older adults. Dr. Aziz found further support in a 2017 study that compared lithium to valproic acid (Depakote) in 224 older adults with a manic, hypomanic, or mixed episode. Both mood stabilizers were equally well tolerated, but lithium reduced manic symptoms more ... The Carlat Psychiatry Report, Volume: 19, Issue 11&12, November/December 2021 www.thecarlatreport.com A CARLAT PSYCHIATRY REFERENCE TABLE The Sydney Bipolar Screener Apart from times when you are depressed or in a normal mood state, do you have times when you feel “up”? If so, check whether you experience any of the …The Carlat Psychotherapy Report allows clinicians to stay up-to-date with research-driven materials created by experienced clinicians and reviewed by a diverse board of mental health care professionals. The publication is a growing library of content designed to give mental health care workers a searchable online resource that will help them treat their …I’m Chris Aiken, the editor in chief of the Carlat Report. KELLIE NEWSOME: And I’m Kellie Newsome, a psychiatric NP and a dedicated reader of every issue. Stimulants are first line for ADHD, but as we learned in our last podcast around half of people with ADHD have other cognitive problems that get in the way of full recovery.Kellie Newsome: Some things in psychopharmacology are black-and-white, and lithium toxicity is one of them, which brings us the third psychopharm commandment, but first, a recount: #1 Do not worsen mental illness with psychiatric medications (, like don't use stimulants in psychosis or start antidepressants in mania).From psychotherapy to ECT, pramipexole to lamotrigine, a walk through 20 therapies for bipolar depression. Published On: 04/11/2022 Duration: 25 minutes, 18 seconds Related Article: “ A Practical Guide to Light Therapy,” The Carlat Psychiatry Report, November 2019 Chris Aiken, MD, and Kellie Newsome, PMHNP, have disclosed …Aug 14, 2023 · Welcome to the Carlat Psychiatry Podcast, keeping psychiatry honest since 2003. I’m Chris Aiken, the editor in chief of the Carlat Report. And I’m Kellie Newsome, a psychiatric NP and a dedicated reader of every issue. CHRIS AIKEN: Last week the FDA approved Zuranolone, brand Zurzuvae zur-ZOO-vay, for postpartum depression. The approval was ... Product Details. Includes: All the 2022 issues of The Carlat Psychiatry Report. A print copy of the new course book, which will be the new 2022 edition of the Medication Fact Book for Psychiatric Practice. 24 Category 1 CME Credits. 8 ABPN approved self-assessment credits for maintenance of certification. Plus! online access to the entire ...2023 Carlat Psychiatry Report Self-Assessment Course. This is The Carlat Psychiatry Report's 2023 Self-Assessment Course for ABPN Maintenance of Certification.For the first time with DSM-5, you can actually diagnose bipolar features in people who don't have bipolar disorder who just have regular unipolar depression. They might have brief hypomanias lasting less than four days or manic features sprinkled onto their depression. And these categories are important.Jul 30, 2020 · Silexan is a branded extract of lavender that was developed by Schwabe Pharmaceuticals in 2002. Its active ingredients—linalool and linalyl acetate—comprise 71% of the oil, with the remaining 29% made up of trace amounts of over a hundred other compounds from the lavender plant. Silexan is regulated as a prescription and licensed for ... Your subscription comes with access to post-tests so you can earn up to 8 CME category 1 credits per year. Select the the subscription that’s right for you. Click here to view a sample PDF issue of the Oct/Nov/Dec 2022 issue on catatonia in children and adolescents. Unbiased information for child psychiatrists.We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. The Carlat Psychotherapy Report allows clinicians to stay up-to-date with research-driven materials created by experienced clinicians and reviewed by a diverse board of mental health care professionals. The publication is a growing library of content designed to give mental health care workers a searchable online resource that will help them treat their …The Carlat Report. Dr. Joshua Feder studied mathematics and medicine at Boston University, Psychiatry at Naval Regional Medical Center San Diego, serving the first Gulf War in child and adolescent psychiatry fellowship at Tripler Army Medical Center in Honolulu, and eventually became Chief of Child Psychiatry at the National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda, MD. Dr. Feder now practices in ... What Works for Treatment Resistant Anxiety. August 10, 2020. Silexan, an extract from Lavender with pharmaceutical properties, is one of only two treatments with a large effect size in generalized anxiety disorder. We rank all the treatments by strength and look to see if any of them can work when the SSRIs do not. Published On: 8/10/2020.Let’s say you’re looking at your credit reports and spot a credit inquiry you don’t recognize. An unfamiliar inquiry doesn’t necessarily mean it’s unauthorized, but it’s worth look...Then you’ll need to use the extended-release equivalents. I showed you the conversion from Azstarys to Focalin earlier, and here’s how you convert from Vyvanse to Dextroamphetamine: Divide the dose by 2.5, so that 70 mg of Vyvanse equals 30mg of dextroamphetamine. And here’s how the blood levels compare.A New Way to Diagnose Bipolar. Gordon Parker suggests changes to the DSM-5 criteria for bipolar disorder, and unveils a new screening instrument that aims to separate hypomania from normal happiness. Chris Aiken, MD, Kellie Newsome, PMHNP, Gordon Parker, MD, PhD, DSc, and have disclosed no relevant financial or other …Understand the difference between reporting and analytics to recognize trends and drive your marketing and sales success. Trusted by business builders worldwide, the HubSpot Blogs ...BOSTON, June 22, 2022 /PRNewswire/ -- Stephanie Collier, MD, MPH, is partnering with Daniel Carlat, MD, to launch a newsletter focused on geriatric psychiatry.All payment information is secured by our payment processing partner Authorize.net, which is Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI-DSS) compliant. Get unbiased news about addiction treatment delivered to your mailbox and inbox. Your subscription comes with access to post-tests so you can earn up to 8 CME category 1 credits per year ...A direct report is an employee who reports directly to someone else. For example, a director might have five managers who report directly to him. They are considered his direct rep...The Carlat Psychiatry Report - Online Access for 1 Year Our Price: $107.00 Also Available: Choose One Print and Online for 1 Year Print and Online for 1 Year (AutoRenew) Online Access for 1 Year Online Access for 1 Year (AutoRenew) Print and Online for 2 Years When errors appear on your credit report, they can have serious financial consequences. You’ll also find four simple steps that you can take if you ever need to correct credit erro...Vilazodone wraps the pharmacodynamic effects of the popular SSRI-buspirone combo into one drug. Like an SSRI, it is a potent serotonin reuptake inhibitor, and like buspirone, it is a 5-HT1A serotonin agonist. Vilazodone’s manufacturer hoped this dual mechanism would lead to faster onset, more anxiolytic effects, and fewer sexual side …Uncontrolled Misuse. October 23, 2023. Chris Aiken, MD and Kellie Newsome, PMHNP. There are many reasons why patients misuse medications. Today, Joseph Pierre shakes us out of our 1990s understanding of addiction and explains a new trend, misuse of uncontrolled medications like Bupropion, Quetiapine and the …And #9. IX.Avoid valproate, Depakote, in pregnancy. CHRIS AIKEN: Valproate is the only psychiatric medication with a near absolute contraindication in pregnancy. The risks are clear: Congenital malformations, including spina bifida, facial malformations, neural tube defects, cleft palate, hypospadias (a defect at the opening of …By Chris Aiken, MD. After 11 years of market exclusivity, vilazodone (Viibryd) lost its patent in June of 2022. The price of this “multimodal” antidepressant has fallen to $40 a month and may fall further as more manufacturers enter the market. More patients can afford to take it, but whether we should prescribe more vilazodone is less clear.Dr. Puzantian and Dr. Carlat have disclosed that they have no relevant relationships or financial interests in any commercial company pertaining to the information provided in this book. This page has links and instructions for taking the 12 CME post-test for the Medication Fact Book for Psychiatric Practice, Seventh Edition (2024) and download ...Daniel Carlat, MD Editor-in-Chief Volume 15, Number 9&10 September/October 2017 www.thecarlatreport.com Learning Objectives After reading these articles, you should be …CME Post-Test, Caring for Patients at End of Life, CGPR, October/November/December 2023. By successfully completing the test you will be awarded a certificate for 2 CME credit. Read More. The Carlat Report. 2023/2024 Carlat Hospital Psychiatry Self-Assessment Course. List Price: $399.00. Our Price: $359.00. Your Savings: $40.00 (10%) More in ABPN Self-Assessment Courses. Carlat Psychiatry is an unbiased source for all things psychiatric. The Carlat Psychiatry Report (TCPR), the Carlat Child Psychiatry Report (CCPR), the Carlat Addiction Treatment Report (CATR ...This article will trace the evolution of the criteria sets in the DSM, starting with the first edition published way back in 1952. DSM-I. DSM-I was a small handbook consisting of only 132 pages. SUDs were included under the section on personality disorders. Within this category, “alcoholism” and “drug addiction” were considered ...The Carlat Report. Label Home; Store. Newsletter Subscriptions; Multimedia Subscriptions; Books; ... Carlat Total Access Subscriptions: Get access to every article on the website. ... Sign Up! Specify Your Interests. Featured Book. Treating Opioid Use Disorder—A Fact Book (2024) All the tools you need to assess and treat patients struggling ...Welcome to the Carlat Psychiatry Podcast, keeping psychiatry honest since 2003. I’m Chris Aiken, the editor-in-chief of the Carlat Report. Kellie Newsome: And I’m Kellie Newsome, a psychiatric …The Carlat Psychiatry Report, Newburyport, Massachusetts. 4,091 likes · 29 talking about this. An Unbiased Monthly Covering All Things PsychiatricThe 2022 Carlat Psychiatry Report Self-Assessment Course includes all 10 newsletter issues from 2022 and the Medication Fact Book for Psychiatric Practice, Sixth Edition (2022) for a total 24 Category 1 CME Credits and 8 ABPN Self-Assessment Credits for Maintenance of Certification. The CME credits are awarded after each activity is …Sign in · Screen reader users: click this link for accessible mode. Accessible mode has ... Carlat Child Psychiatry Report. Talia Puzantian, PharmD, BCPP, is a ...Mar 4, 2022 · Omega-3s are “essential fatty acids,” meaning we cannot produce them on our own and must obtain them from our diet. In the brain, they coat nerve cell membranes and have neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects. Most modern diets are deficient in omega-3s, and serum omega-3 levels are particularly low in people with psychiatric disorders. In this third and final episode in our review of bipolar depression, Tam Kelly shares his experience with high dose thyroid. Welcome to the Carlat Psychiatry Podcast, keeping psychiatry honest since 2003. I’m Chris Aiken, the editor in chief of the Carlat Report. And I’m Kellie Newsome, a psychiatric NP and a dedicated reader of every issue.Dec 25, 2023 · October 16, 2023. Stephanie Collier, MD, Neha Jain, MD, FAPA, and Rehan Aziz, MD. Sexuality is a broad term that encompasses sexual identity, activity, attitude toward sex, intimacy, partnership, and pleasure. In this podcast, we cover the basics of sexual function and the effects of aging, medical comorbidities, and mental health on sexuality. The Carlat Psychiatry Report - Print and Online for 2 Years. List Price: $258.00. Our Price: $229.00.Dec 8, 2023 · Stories that color-in the stark lines of evidence-based medicine. April 13, 2023. Emily E. Whisler, DO and Edmund S. Higgins, MD. Discover the emotional journey of a mother whose life was forever changed when she learned her son was involved in a crime. Your subscription comes with access to post-tests so you can earn up to 8 CME category 1 credits per year. Select the the subscription that’s right for you. Click here to view a sample PDF issue of the Oct/Nov/Dec 2022 issue on catatonia in children and adolescents. Unbiased information for child psychiatrists.Lithium is FDA-approved for bipolar disorder in children and adolescents 12 years and up; however, its potential off-label utility is broad, from affective aggression to anorexia nervosa. This clinical update covers how to prescribe lithium for children and adolescents and how to talk with patients and parents about lithium.The Carlat Psychotherapy Report. List Price: $107.00. Our Price: $79.00. Your Savings: $28.00 (26%) Subscribe. The Carlat Report. Here is a glimpse of what the assessment and plan areas look like in a SOAP note. You can quickly sign up for a free account and begin touring our note features for yourself.Nov 20, 2023 · Welcome to the Carlat Psychiatry Podcast, keeping psychiatry honest since 2003. CHRIS AIKEN: I’m Chris Aiken, the editor in chief of the Carlat Report. KELLIE NEWSOME: And I’m Kellie Newsome, a psychiatric NP and a dedicated reader of every issue. Up to 50% of people with ADHD have other cognitive problems that get in the way of full recovery. Product Details. Get unbiased news about all things psychiatric delivered to your mailbox and your email inbox. Your subscription comes with access to post-tests so you can earn up to 12 CME category 1 credits per year. Select the subscription that’s right for you. Click here to view a sample PDF issue of the December 2022 issue on depression ... Learn about the latest research and techniques in psychiatric and addiction fields with unbiased news, clinical updates, expert interviews, and post-tests. Subscribe to The …Clear, engaging, and practical updates on clinical psychiatry hosted by Chris Aiken MD and Kellie Newsome PMHNP. Shared by Kellie Newsome via Mood.Madam. The Carlat Psychiatry Report, February 2021. When depression gets worse on an antidepressant, it doesn’t necessarily mean the patient has bipolar disorder or that they are sensitive to medications. Today, we detail 7 explanations for this paradoxical phenomena. Welcome to the Carlat Psychiatry Podcast, keeping psychiatry honest since …Understand the difference between reporting and analytics to recognize trends and drive your marketing and sales success. Trusted by business builders worldwide, the HubSpot Blogs ...Xylazine: An Emerging Threat in the Opioid Overdose Epidemic. Xylazine is the latest contaminant being found in the American illicit drug supply. A non-opioid itself, xylazine is usually combined with fentanyl, with which it has synergistic sedative effects. Patients using xylazine can have profound levels of sedation and develop severe ...Get unbiased news about all things psychiatric delivered to your email inbox. Your subscription comes with access to post-tests so you can …Depending on what style is used to write the report, a variety of samples can be found online to assist the writing process. The Purdue OWL gives extensive information about writin...Mar 4, 2022 · Omega-3s are “essential fatty acids,” meaning we cannot produce them on our own and must obtain them from our diet. In the brain, they coat nerve cell membranes and have neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects. Most modern diets are deficient in omega-3s, and serum omega-3 levels are particularly low in people with psychiatric disorders. •1/3 of adults report their ill-ness started before age 18 Schizophreniform Disorder 2 or more psychotic symptoms, at least 1 month & less than 6 months •0.2% in developed world •Higher in develop-ing world •2/3 transition to schizophrenia Roughly equal •8–24 for males •24–35 for females Youth: attenuated symptoms and ... Dr. Aiken is the Editor in Chief of The Carlat Psychiatry Report; director of the Mood Treatment Cente r in North Carolina, where he maintains a private practice combining medication and therapy along with evidence-based complementary and alternative treatments; and Assistant Professor NYU Langone Department of Psychiatry. He has …Depending on what style is used to write the report, a variety of samples can be found online to assist the writing process. The Purdue OWL gives extensive information about writin...And #9. IX.Avoid valproate, Depakote, in pregnancy. CHRIS AIKEN: Valproate is the only psychiatric medication with a near absolute contraindication in pregnancy. The risks are clear: Congenital malformations, including spina bifida, facial malformations, neural tube defects, cleft palate, hypospadias (a defect at the opening of …I’m Chris Aiken, the editor in chief of the Carlat Report. KELLIE NEWSOME: And I’m Kellie Newsome, a psychiatric NP and a dedicated reader of every issue. Stimulants are first line for ADHD, but as we learned in our last podcast around half of people with ADHD have other cognitive problems that get in the way of full recovery.The Carlat Report. Access to 4 Newsletters: Psychiatry Report, Child Psychiatry Report, Addiction Treatment Report, and Hospital Psychiatry Report. Please note CME functionality not available. Medscape. Online clinical textbook with focused content on medicine, surgery and pediatrics. ... Login to LibApps.Oct 30, 2022 · October 30, 2022. The 2023 Carlat Psychiatry Report Self-Assessment Course includes all 10 newsletter issues from 2023 and Prescribing Psychotropics: From Drug Interactions to Pharmacogenetics (2022) for a total 22 Category 1 CME Credits and 8 ABPN Self-Assessment Credits for Maintenance of Certification. The CME credits are awarded after each ... Clear, engaging, and practical updates on clinical psychiatry hosted by Chris Aiken MD and Kellie Newsome PMHNP. Shared by Kellie Newsome via Mood.Madam. The Carlat Geriatric Psychiatry Report; The Carlat Psychotherapy Report; Contact. [email protected]. 866-348-9279. PO Box 626, Newburyport MA 01950. Follow Us. Please see our Terms and Conditions, ...Jul 10, 2023 · 3. Treatment response. Antidepressant-induced mania actually counts toward the bipolar diagnosis in DSM-5, but it’s rare to see it in practice. More often, people with bipolar disorder just say that their mood got worse on an antidepressant – more anxious, wired, agitated, or more depressed. 4. Learn how HubSpot reporting can help you effectively manage your sales team. Trusted by business builders worldwide, the HubSpot Blogs are your number-one source for education and ...In today’s digital age, businesses are constantly seeking ways to streamline their operations and improve efficiency. One area where they can achieve this is by utilizing an online...When you need a copy of your police report, the process of obtaining it can seem daunting. However, thanks to technological advancements, it is now possible to access your police r...p.p1 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica; color: #000000} Discover the lifesaving potential of fentanyl test strips (FTS). As fentanyl infiltrates illicit drug markets, FTS offer an essential harm reduction strategy. We’ll explore the technology behind FTS, how to obtain and use them, discuss their legality, and examine …Welcome to the Carlat Psychiatry Podcast, keeping psychiatry honest since 2003. I’m Chris Aiken, ... In this month’s Carlat Report we reviewed a study whose results might seem a little counterintuitive. On the surface, it looked straightforward. It tested topiramate – brand name Topamax - for obesity in schizophrenia, ...8. Use light therapy for bipolar depression in the morning or at Mid-day. A key rule with light therapy is this: don’t use the lightbox after 2:00 pm. Evening light will flip their circadian rhythm the wrong way, causing mania, insomnia, and even raising the risk of depression. And that brings us to update #8: Use dark therapy.Duration: 21 minutes, 43 seconds. Transcript: KELLIE NEWSOME: Welcome to the Carlat Psychiatry Podcast, keeping psychiatry honest since 2003. This is a throwback Thursday episode, where we’re going to update this 2019 classic with new research and CME credits at the end. This month we are focusing on the fever of psychiatry: anxiety.As the inaugural Editor-in-Chief of The Carlat Psychotherapy Report, Dr. Ruffalo will create and edit a variety of engaging and practical content to help you learn new therapeutic skills and refine existing ones. Please drop either Dr. Ruffalo or me an email to let us know how you like it and what topics you’d like to see covered in future ...Daniel Carlat is an American psychiatrist known for his critical stance towards pharmaceutical prescription practices and corporate sponsorship of continuing medical …Welcome to the Carlat Psychiatry Podcast, keeping psychiatry honest since 2003. I’m Chris Aiken, the report’s editor and co-author of the new textbook Prescribing Psychotropics. And I’m Kellie Newsome, a psychiatric NP and a dedicated reader of every issue. CHRIS AIKEN: I have a problem with diagnostic screening instruments.You are not logged in. Contact us Report a problem FAQ. Log in. Username. Password. Remember username. Forgot Password? Log in. Create new account; tcpr2021; Home; My courses; ... CMEs; tcpr2021; Summary; 2021 Carlat Psychiatry Report Self-Assessment Course. This is The Carlat Psychiatry Report's 2021 Self-Assessment Course for ABPN …Financial reporting is important because it helps to ensure that companies and organizations comply with relevant regulations and, if it is a public company, shows investors the cu...The Carlat Report, Volume 13, Number 11&12, November and December 2015 www.thecarlatreport.com A CARLAT PSYCHIATRY REFERENCE TABLE ... Atomoxetine LFTs LFTs at the first sign of possible liver dysfunction Carbamazepine CBC, electrolytes (for sodium), LFTs, pregnancy test2, HLA-B*15023
Treating Depression Collaboratively. April 21, 2023. Garrett Rossi, MD. Discover how primary care providers can effectively treat depression with the help of guidelines and algorithms, and learn when to refer patients to a psychiatrist in this informative webinar.. Riyal price in pakistan
Log In New User? If you are not a registered user yet, please register here. Email* Password* Remember me Forgot your password? Free Psychiatry Updates The latest …There, the answer is clear. Across several meta-analyses, amphetamine consistently has a bigger effect in ADHD, child and adult, than methylphenidate. Here's the largest and most recent of those meta-analyses ( Cortese S …Aug 14, 2023 · Welcome to the Carlat Psychiatry Podcast, keeping psychiatry honest since 2003. I’m Chris Aiken, the editor in chief of the Carlat Report. And I’m Kellie Newsome, a psychiatric NP and a dedicated reader of every issue. CHRIS AIKEN: Last week the FDA approved Zuranolone, brand Zurzuvae zur-ZOO-vay, for postpartum depression. The approval was ... 8 ABPN approved self-assessment credits for maintenance of certification. Read all the 2022 and 2023 issues of The Carlat Child Psychiatry Report and answer the pre-and post-test questions on the material to earn your CME certificates and Self-Assessment credits online. Cannot be completed until the end of 2023. 8 SA, 16 CME.Financial reporting is important because it helps to ensure that companies and organizations comply with relevant regulations and, if it is a public company, shows investors the cu...A recent paper surveyed geropsychiatrists and found that 100% endorsed lithium in older adults. Dr. Aziz found further support in a 2017 study that compared lithium to valproic acid (Depakote) in 224 older adults with a manic, hypomanic, or mixed episode. Both mood stabilizers were equally well tolerated, but lithium reduced manic symptoms …What Works for Treatment Resistant Anxiety. August 10, 2020. Silexan, an extract from Lavender with pharmaceutical properties, is one of only two treatments with a large effect size in generalized anxiety disorder. We rank all the treatments by strength and look to see if any of them can work when the SSRIs do not. Published On: 8/10/2020.KELLIE NEWSOME: Edward Shorter is Professor and Hannah Chair in the History of Medicine at the University of Toronto. His 1997 book A History of Psychiatry from the Era of the Asylum to the Age of Prozac is a classic that traces the history of psychiatry up to the SSRIs. In 2021 Dr. Shorter followed that up with a history of the post-SSRI …Auvelity A Fast Acting Antidepressant. February 5, 2024. Chris Aiken, MD and Kellie Newsome, PMHNP. Auvelity, a new rapid acting medication for depression, is a branded combination of two generic drugs. We look at how it works and the clinical trials, including new data in treatment resistant depression.Jan 29, 2024 · A recent paper surveyed geropsychiatrists and found that 100% endorsed lithium in older adults. Dr. Aziz found further support in a 2017 study that compared lithium to valproic acid (Depakote) in 224 older adults with a manic, hypomanic, or mixed episode. Both mood stabilizers were equally well tolerated, but lithium reduced manic symptoms more ... Treating Depression Collaboratively. April 21, 2023. Garrett Rossi, MD. Discover how primary care providers can effectively treat depression with the help of guidelines and algorithms, and learn when to refer patients to a psychiatrist in this informative webinar.For the first time with DSM-5, you can actually diagnose bipolar features in people who don't have bipolar disorder who just have regular unipolar depression. They might have brief hypomanias lasting less than four days or manic features sprinkled onto their depression. And these categories are important.By Randall Blackburn You can report someone on Facebook multiple times for harassing or abusing you. Use the Report a Violation of the Facebook Terms page to report an abusive user...Your subscription comes with access to post-tests so you can earn up to 8 CME category 1 credits per year. Select the the subscription that’s right for you. Click here to view a sample PDF issue of the Oct/Nov/Dec 2022 issue on catatonia in children and adolescents. Unbiased information for child psychiatrists. .